Allium tricoccum (Wild Leek)

Plant Info
Also known as: Ramps, Three-seeded Leek
Genus:Allium
Family:Alliaceae (Onion)
Life cycle:perennial
Origin:native
Habitat:part shade, shade; average moisture; deciduous and mixed forest, floodplains, wooded slopes, wooded bluffs
Bloom season:June - July
Plant height:10 to 14 inches
Wetland Indicator Status:GP: FACU MW: FACU NCNE: FACU
MN county distribution (click map to enlarge):Minnesota county distribution map
National distribution (click map to enlarge):National distribution map

Pick an image for a larger view. See the glossary for icon descriptions.

Detailed Information

Flower: Flower shape: 6-petals Cluster type: round

[photo of flowers] A single round cluster about 1 inch in diameter at the tip of a naked stem, with 12 to 50 stalked, ¼-inch white flowers. Flowers have 6 tepals (petals with similar sepals), 6 stamens with white to pale yellow tips, and a green ovary in the center with 3 globular sections. Flowers appear 4 to 6 weeks after leaves have emerged, the leaves usually withered away before flowers open.

Leaves and stem: Leaf attachment: basal Leaf type: simple

[photo of leaves] 2 or 3 three basal leaves emerge from an underground bulb in early spring, 6 to 8 inches (15 to 20 cm) long, the broadest to ~3½ inches (5 to 9 cm) wide, lance-elliptic, mostly pointed at the tip, tapering the base, toothless, hairless, green typically tinged red at the base with a reddish stalk. The flowering stalk is 10 to 14 inches (25 to 35 cm) long, smooth, usually purple, and starts emerging as the leaves wither away for the season.

Fruit: Fruit type: capsule/pod

[photo of fruit] Fruit is a 3-celled capsule, each cell containing a single glossy black seed,

Notes:

A denizen of shady woods, Wild Leeks, a.k.a. Ramps, can form thick colonies of lush green leaves in early spring but flowers are small and can go unnoticed when in the presence of later summer species. Leaves and flowers both have a strong onion odor, especially when bruised. There were formerly 2 varieties which have been split into separate species, though Minnesota has not officially accepted this split (yet): A. tricoccum (formerly var. tricoccum) and A. burdickii (formerly var. burdickii), the latter known as Narrow-leaf Wild Leek. Both species are found in Minnesota in the same kind of habitat and their native ranges overlap; A. tricoccum is the more common of the two.

Comparing the two, A. tricoccum has broader leaves red to purple at the base, 12 to 50 flowers in a cluster, blooms in late June through July, and the underground bulb is up to 2 1/3 inches (4 to 6 cm) long and ~1 inch (1.5 to 3 cm) wide. A. burdickii has narrower leaves green at the base, 20 or fewer flowers per cluster, blooms through June into the first week of July, and the underground bulb is smaller, 2 to 4 cm long and 1 to 1.5 cm wide. I have both species in my own garden and the earlier bloom of A. burdickii certainly held true—it was pretty much done the first week of July where A. tricoccum flowers did not open until mid July. Compared to other woodland species with similarly shaped basal leaves, Wild Leeks are most easily distinguished by the onion scent.

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More photos

Photos by K. Chayka taken in Ramsey and Chisago counties, and in her garden. Photos by Peter M. Dziuk taken in Anoka County.

Comments

Have you seen this plant in Minnesota, or have any other comments about it?

Posted by: Anita - Rochester, MN
on: 2011-04-15 13:35:01

Clusters with 6" leaves found along the Zumbro River - south Rochester

Posted by: Charlotte - Ottertail County, Pelican Lake
on: 2012-08-03 13:55:16

Spotted this plant in the woods in early July, no leaves, just stems with finished flowers.

Posted by: Leila - Superior HIking Trail
on: 2014-05-19 21:14:44

The only green thing in the forest along the trail between Oberg Mtn and Sawbill Creek. Strong garlic smell! Smelled like a hamburger stand.

Posted by: sharon - lakeville
on: 2014-06-04 08:07:00

I have a wooded back yard which I have left as natual as possible and in the spring, the area under the trees is carpeted with them. Jack in the pulpit, a few trillium. Solomon's seal, false Solomon's seal along with yellow and purple violets emerge as well.

Posted by: Gabriel
on: 2015-04-11 22:54:38

I'm curious how to tell ramps from bluebead lilies when just the leaves are showing. They both have pretty similar leaves, and it would be nice if the page mentioned this similarity and the differences (maybe the sheen of the leaves?).

Posted by: K. Chayka
on: 2015-04-17 13:30:46

Gabriel, the easy way to tell wild leek is by breaking off a piece of leaf, crushing it between your fingers and take a whiff. The onion scent is unmistakable!

Posted by: Ben - St paul
on: 2015-04-27 08:52:56

I have been foraging for several years now. My wife believes this wild leek to be a myth. Oh lord, for just a handful for a meal I would be grateful. Hitting up vermillion river area tomorrow...hopefully the ramp dream will come to fruition!

Posted by: K. Chayka
on: 2015-04-27 11:31:17

Ben, you need permission from the landowner to collect wild plants for any reason. In the case of public lands, check with the city, county or state agency that manages the land, but you can bet they'll say NO. So you'll likely need to find a private landowner who won't mind you digging up their plants.

The alternative is to buy some starter plants and put them in your own garden, then you'll have them when you want them.

Posted by: Erik - Morris, MN
on: 2016-03-27 20:01:40

I am fairly sure I observed this plant sprouting in abundance near Scandia Lake east of Morris in Stevens County--much to my surprise, as ramps are not marked as inhabiting this county on the map and the surrounding community did not appear to be a moist rich woods, but I don't know what else they could have been. (The other Allium spp. on here either have even more dissimilar habitats, aren't found anywhere near Morris, or look nothing like the plants I saw.)

Posted by: Linda - Metro area
on: 2016-04-07 09:23:16

Where can I purchase ramp bulbs in the metro area? There are lots growing along the bike trail near Hopkins, but I know I can't harvest them there. I need my own patch! Have the perfect spot, now I just need a source.

Posted by: K. Chayka
on: 2016-04-07 15:38:22

Linda, see "where to buy native seeds and plants". It's on almost every page, including this one. If those vendors don't carry it one may know who does.

Posted by: Mathew - Edina
on: 2016-05-06 20:37:24

Found a small colony in Bredesen Park along the walking path.

Posted by: Loni K - Fillmore County
on: 2017-04-08 21:12:52

We have vast areas of bright green ramps in our woods every spring. I've never seen such profusion any where else in this area. Our woods are mixed maple, oak, basswood, walnut, etc, with very shallow most soils. Such a beautiful sight.

Posted by: Brian - Minneapolis
on: 2017-04-27 11:56:18

City ordinance in Minneapolis prohibits disturbing wild native plants on Minneapolis Park lands. Ramps or Wild Leeks are native in Minneapolis park areas and are popping up for first time after buckthorn invasions are removed. But please do not forage or pick/ pull them from our parks. Volunteers have spent 1,000s of hours trying to restore the ecosystem, digging them up is destructive. There are several local sources of ramps one could buy and plant in your backyard for personal use.

Posted by: Marisa - Southern St Louis County
on: 2018-05-02 17:02:55

Ramps are coming up now in southern St Louis County (near French River).

Posted by: cheryl batson - hennepin county
on: 2018-05-30 04:40:36

I am disgusted at the foragers illegally harvesting these from various areas. I do not think that farmers markets and co-ops should allow the sale of these without proof that they are legally obtained.

Posted by: K. Chayka
on: 2018-05-30 19:47:18

Cheryl, I totally agree.

Posted by: Melanie Miller Lebens - North Saint Paul and Grand Marais
on: 2019-06-02 22:36:41

Many people don't realize it but it is legal to harvest mushrooms and plants in the state wildlife management areas such as Carlos Avery and Whitewater and many others in Minnesota. I belong to the Minnesota Mycological Society and we practice sustainable gathering in these areas. You should never pull a mushroom or ramp. They should be cut and not pulled up by the roots or they won't grow back for next year.

Posted by: Kathy and Doug Wood - Stearns county north of Sartell in our moist woods along the
on: 2020-02-13 02:55:06

Such great leaves!

Posted by: Charm Lor - Fridley
on: 2020-04-24 15:15:01

I was told last year that I could not harvest the leeks in Whitewater by a female Park Ranger there.

Posted by: Susan Premo - St. Paul
on: 2020-05-06 20:19:00

Just wondering if anyone has seen a variegated allium tricocum? We were walking a trail in Goodhue county and saw a couple of groups of what appeared to be allium, they sure looked like ramps. Never saw anything like them before. I'll try and send a photo if you're interested.

Posted by: Anna - Ramsey co
on: 2020-05-27 20:06:46

I just purchased a bunch of ramps from Mississippi market and intend to plant them in our yard. Way cheaper than from the nurseries. Hope they multiply and then I will finally taste this treasure!

Posted by: Paul Henjum - Apple Valley
on: 2020-12-16 06:00:27

A. tricoccum used to be locally common in Apple Valley in wooded areas on slopes facing north. It is easy to cultivate but relatively slow to spread because the seedlings take several years to grow large enough to flower. I started with about ten plants about 30 years ago and now a few hundred and slowly reintroducing them in the park next door as the buckthorn and garlic mustard are cleared out. The older plants have broad leaves, while new plants are more grass-like with single leaves. Plants go dormant in summer and do best in organic, moisture-retentive soils. The deer do not eat them if they do not need to, and they will grow in some sun once established. The bulbs like to be planted a few inches deep.

Posted by: Jerry - Fisher
on: 2021-04-26 20:24:28

First noticed leeks growing in a grove south of East Grand Forks. I had never seen them before and did not know what they were. Purchased three leek plants from a nursery several years ago and planted them under our native oaks. They are up again now and doing fine. I am not sure that they have flowered yet, since I tend to forget about them once the leaves disappear. They don't seem to be in any hurry to spread.

Posted by: Frank@Mound - Maple Plain
on: 2022-02-12 17:52:59

I am not sure how common var. burdickii is in Minnesota, it is regulated in NYS (no forage, endangered). I wonder if there are records or surveys of the variety. Our woods is 99% Burdickii with one small spot that has the red-stemmed var.

Posted by: K. Chayka
on: 2022-02-14 06:44:37

Frank, the vast majority of herbarium records for Allium tricoccum are not identified to var so it's hard to say how abundant either one is in Minnesota, but I believe both are pretty common in much of the state.

Posted by: Sherman - In my yard in Duluth, & along Olive st. and near Como ave
on: 2022-06-01 21:10:50

The woods in my yard have a few medium colonies of these near the shadier East edges of the woods. There are also some woods a few blocks up the hill from my house along Olive street, where there's a huge colony of these every spring. Also found large colonies in woods East of the South end of Como Ave. "in their journey in 1674 from Green Bay to the present site of Chicago, [French Jesuit missionary] Marquette and his party subsisted largely on A. tricoccum and A. canadense." the Chicago area used to have a lot of wild leeks.

Posted by: Michelle - Mille Lacs County
on: 2022-06-03 00:36:40

These grow abundantly in the Maple forests NE of Princeton. I grew up in this area and have foraged them there for 40+ years. It has been disappointing that in recent years illegal plant poachers have been seen (or left evidence of their activities) in this and other areas. I never remove the bulbs and only take 20% of the leaves to preserve the plants for future years.

Posted by: gary - Cook County
on: 2022-07-30 18:33:07

In fruit now in the sugar maple forests along the Onion River.

Posted by: Peter Ownbey - Washington County
on: 2023-01-25 21:59:50

This plant is quite uncommon in my area because of buckthorn invasion, but people have been controlling invasives more recently and this plant has started rebounding somewhat. I've also been cultivating some to help re-establish local populations. I found some for sale a number of years ago at a co-op. They had been locally foraged in huge, unsustainable amounts. I bought a bunch and planted them in the woods outside my house, with some logs around them to mark their spot. They quickly died down, but they resprouted and bloomed the next year. Since then, they've been slowly but steadily spreading each year by seeds and offsets, and are starting to establish a decent population now. What started as ten plants is now around thirty. I wish foragers would just harvest sustainably instead of pulling up huge amounts to sell. These plants are so slow growing.

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